slide2 Sicurezza donazione

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Non tutti sanno che…

Sicurezza

La sicurezza degli emocomponenti trasfusi (globuli rossi, piastrine, plasma), oltre alla tutela della salute di donatori e trasfusi, costituisce l’obiettivo primario che il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e i trasfusionisti si sono imposti.
L’accurata selezione del donatore, le indagini di laboratorio di ultima generazione, il buon uso del sangue, l’emovigilanza hanno, tra le altre, tre finalità principali:

  1. Salvaguardare la salute del donatore.
  2. Escludere la trasmissione di malattie infettive.
  3. Verificare la corrispondenza del gruppo sanguigno.

Centrifugazione e separazione dei componenti

Con la centrifugazione e la successiva separazione dei componenti del sangue si ottengono:

  1. Una sacca di globuli rossi.
  2. Una sacca di plasma.
  3. Una sacca di buffy-coat (leucociti e piastrine).

Validazione

Tutti gli emocomponenti ottenuti dalla fase di lavorazione possono essere utilizzati solo quando le indagini di laboratorio ne hanno stabilito l’idoneità all’utilizzo.
Gli esami siero-virologici effettuati sono volti a smascherare la possibile presenza di agenti infettanti quali i virus causa di epatite B o C, l’HIV o la sifilide. In laboratorio vengono utilizzate indagini sofisticatissime e di alta sensibilità, comprese quelle in biologia molecolare che, combinate con l’accurata selezione del donatore ed un oculato utilizzo degli emocomponenti, consentono oggi di definire un rischio residuo per tali malattie per via trasfusionale praticamente trascurabile.

Il sangue è indispensabile…

Utilizzo del sangue

Oggi gli emocomponenti e i plasmaderivati servono a salvare vite, allungarne la durata e migliorarne la qualità. Il sangue è indispensabile:

  1. nei servizi di primo soccorso e di emergenza/urgenza;
  2. in molti interventi chirurgici e trapianti di organo e di midollo osseo;
  3. nella cura delle malattie oncologiche ed ematologiche;
  4. in varie forme di anemia cronica, immunodeficienze, emofilia.

Il fabbisogno di emocomponenti non si verifica solamente in presenza di condizioni o eventi eccezionali quali terremoti, disastri o incidenti, o durante interventi chirurgici ma anche nella cura di malattie gravi quali tumori, leucemie, anemie croniche, trapianti di organi e tessuti.
Il sangue, con i suoi componenti, costituisce per molti ammalati un fattore unico e insostituibile di sopravvivenza:

  1. globuli rossi per la cura di diversi tipi di anemia;
  2. piastrine per diverse malattie emorragiche;
  3. plasma quando vi siano state grosse variazioni quantitative dovute ad ustioni, tumori del fegato, carenza dei fattori della coagulazione non diversamente disponibili;
  4. plasmaderivati Fattore VIII e IX per l’emofilia A e B, immunoglobuline aspecifiche per alcune malattie immunologiche, albumina per alcune patologie del fegato.
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